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小儿麻痹症:人类战胜脊髓灰质炎的历程

小儿麻痹症:人类战胜脊髓灰质炎的历程

BBC
Monday, June 27, 2022 3:24 PM GMT

在世界上大部分地区绝迹已久的脊髓灰质炎(小儿麻痹症)再次露头,重上新闻头条。它和人类有着怎样的博弈史?

一种在英国绝迹二十多年的传染病毒再次露头,引发关注,被作为全国性公共卫生事件通报世界卫生组织(WHO)。

脊髓灰质炎,又称小儿麻痹症,通常影响五岁以下的儿童,有时会导致不可逆转的瘫痪。当呼吸系统肌肉受到影响时,可能会导致死亡。这种疾病至今无法治愈,但疫苗高效,对儿童提供终生免疫保护。

目前只有两个国家仍未消灭脊髓灰质炎 —— 巴基斯坦和阿富汗。

这种疾病在英国1950年代常见,2003年彻底“清零”,但2022年又连续几个月在伦敦大量污水中发现基因关联的病毒样本,说明可能在密切接触的个人之间有病毒传播。目前没有发现实际感染病例,也没有关于罕见但严重症状的报告。

英国卫生官员表示,这些病毒可能是近期在国外接种了口服脊髓灰质炎活病毒疫苗的人带进伦敦的。在极少数情况下,这种形式的病毒可以传播给其他人并变异成所谓的“疫苗衍生”脊髓灰质炎。

如何传播

脊髓灰质炎是一种罕见的疾病,在一个人上完厕所后没有正确洗手,然后接触他人食用的食物或水,或者在极少数情况下通过咳嗽和打喷嚏传播。

大多数人没有任何症状,且在没有意识到自己被感染的情况下自身免疫系统会抵抗病毒。少数人会出现长达三周的流感样症状。

极少数情况下,一般认为概率在千分之一和百分之一之间,脊髓灰质炎病毒会攻击脊柱和大脑底部的神经,导致瘫痪,通常是腿部。如果呼吸肌受到影响,可能会危及生命。

这种古老的病毒是如何在科技进步的威力下逐节败退的?

脊髓灰质炎,又称小儿麻痹症,是一种致命的传染病,在地球上存在的历史与人类社会一样久远。

它真正成为公共卫生的一个大敌,是在维多利亚时代晚期,即19 世纪后半叶到 20 世纪初,当时这种无法治愈的病毒在欧洲和美国大流行。

1789 年,英国医生迈克尔·安德伍德 (Michael Underwood) 首次对这种疾病进行了临床描述,并于 1840 年被雅各布·海涅 (Jakob Heine) 确认为一种疾病。

工业革命后,城市化的发展助燃了人类历史上第一次现代流行病疫情。

1916年,美国纽约首次爆发脊髓灰质炎大流行,全市感染病例超过9000例,死亡2343人,美国全国感染病例 2.7 万 例,死亡人数为 6000 人。

Read full story on BBC
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