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中国和台湾申请加入CPTPP 有关自由贸易的五个问题

中国和台湾申请加入CPTPP 有关自由贸易的五个问题

BBC
Wednesday, November 27, 2024 5:18 AM GMT

中国“一带一路”需要自由贸易;英国脱欧走向世界也需要自由贸易;美国要“确保全球领导地位”,又会在多大程度上支持自由贸易?BBC中文梳理自由贸易的起源和现状,以及在国际政治中所发挥的作用。

2021年9月29日

最近,中国和台湾相继申请加入跨太平洋伙伴全面进步协议(CPTPP)的消息,使自由贸易协议再次成为新闻热点。

就在中国提出申请的前一天,美国、澳大利亚和英国签署防卫协议AUKUS,建立新的安全伙伴关系。中国举动背后的政治意义引起更多关注。

国际间分析人士普遍认同的一种看法是,中国申请加入CPTPP,是要在这个美国启动却中途退出的自由贸易协议中争取领导地位和作用。而台湾此时提出申请,也被认为与美中关系紧密相连。

BBC中文梳理自由贸易的起源和现状,以及在国际政治中所发挥的作用。

自由贸易协议是什么?

自由贸易协定是两个或更多国家之间的协议,以减少国与国之间的进出口障碍。在自由贸易政策下,货物和服务可以跨国界交易,政府只设定很低或者完全废除限制跨国贸易的关税、配额、补贴或禁令。

与自由贸易相对立的概念是贸易保护主义或经济孤立主义。

不过有自由贸易政策或协议的政府不一定放弃对进出口的所有控制或消除所有保护主义政策。因此在现代国际贸易中,很少有自由贸易协定导致完全的自由贸易。

谁提出了自由贸易?

亚当·斯密,这位18世纪的英国著名经济学家,被许多人看作是自由贸易理论的奠基人和自由贸易的倡导者。

他最广为人知的理论是“绝对优势论”,即各国应该专门生产并出口其具有“绝对优势”的产品,不生产但进口其不具有“绝对优势”的产品。

这位出身苏格兰的经济学家举例说,苏格兰可以用暖房栽培葡萄,然后酿出上等美酒,但成本要比国外高30倍。如果苏格兰禁止一切外国酒进口而坚持自己生产,那就十分荒唐可笑。

但后来英国另一位著名经济学家大卫·李嘉图在19世纪提出了被称为“相对优势论”的观点,在很大程度上解决了“绝对优势论”无法解答的自由贸易的问题。

其重点并不是某国比其他国家生产成本更低效率更高,而是某国即便比贸易伙伴效率更低,却仍然能在制造某种产品方面有相对优势。

Read full story on BBC
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